Minerva

Ringkasan

Minerva adalah dewi Romawi kebijaksanaan, kerajinan, dan seni, pelindung perang dan kemenangan, anggota Triad Kapitolin yang disamakan dengan Athena.

Minerva is the Roman goddess of wisdom, crafts and the arts, later linked with war and victory, a member of the Capitoline Triad identified with Athena.

Kisah dan tradisi

Minerva dipuja dalam tradisi Romawi sebagai dewi kebijaksanaan, kerajinan, seni, dan kemudian perang. Britannica 1911 menyebutnya menguasai semua kerajinan, penemuan, seni, dan ilmu. Ia dikaitkan dengan Athena Yunani, tetapi penelitian menelusuri asalnya pula pada Menrva Etruska. Minerva termasuk Triad Kapitolin bersama Jupiter dan Juno, dan dalam mitos dilahirkan dari kepala Jupiter. Di Roma, tempat suci tertuanya berada di kuil Capitol; ia juga punya kuil di Aventine, tempat berkumpul penyair drama dan aktor, dan di Bukit Caelius sebagai Capta. Pestanya, Quinquatrus, jatuh pada 19 Maret; sekolah libur dan murid membawa bayaran (minerval) kepada guru. Pesta itu kemudian dikaitkan dengan perang, dan Minerva dianggap pemberi kemenangan; Pompeius mendirikan kuil baginya setelah kampanye di timur, dan pemujaannya mencapai puncak kepopulerannya pada masa Domitianus. Dalam kisah Arachne, Minerva menantang penenun yang mengaku lebih unggul itu. Ia menyamar sebagai perempuan tua lalu menyingkapkan diri, menenun potret dirinya bersama perisai dan tombak, dan akhirnya mengubah Arachne menjadi laba-laba. Patung perunggu Romawi menampilkannya dengan helm bergaya Yunani, dan arca di Museum Capitolini menampilkan aegis dengan Medusa, perisai, dan helm Korintus. Dalam legenda, arca keramat Minerva dibawa Aeneas ke Roma dan disimpan di kuil Vesta; kota itu diyakini aman selama arca terjaga. Sumber berbeda tentang bagaimana arca itu sampai ke Roma, dan tentang arti namanya.

Minerva was worshipped in Roman tradition as goddess of wisdom, crafts, arts, and later war. The 1911 Britannica says she presided over all handicrafts, inventions, arts and sciences. She was associated with Greek Athena, while scholarship also traces her to Etruscan Menrva. She formed the Capitoline Triad with Jupiter and Juno, and myth has her born from Jupiter's head. At Rome her oldest sanctuary was in the Capitol temple; she also had a temple on the Aventine, meeting-place of dramatic poets and actors, and one on the Caelian Hill as Capta. Her festival, the Quinquatrus, fell on 19 March; schools had holidays and pupils brought a fee (minerval) to their teachers. The festival later became linked with war, and Minerva was seen as bestower of victory; Pompey dedicated a temple to her after his campaigns in the east, and her worship reached its greatest vogue under Domitian. In the Arachne story Minerva challenges the weaver who claimed to surpass her. She disguises herself as an old woman then reveals herself, weaves a portrait of herself with shield and lance, and finally transforms Arachne into a spider. A Roman bronze bust depicts her in a Greek-style helmet, and the statue in the Capitoline Museums shows an aegis with Medusa, a shield, and a Corinthian helmet. In legend Minerva's sacred statue was brought to Rome by Aeneas and kept in the temple of Vesta; the city was believed safe while the statue was preserved. Sources differ on how the statue reached Rome and on the meaning of her name.

Konteks budaya

Menurut Britannica 1911, Minerva adalah pelindung tenun dan pintal kaum perempuan serta kerajinan pekerja, sehingga pesta Quinquatrus menjadi hari libur di rumah dan sekolah.

According to the 1911 Britannica, Minerva was patron of women's weaving and spinning and the workmen's craft, so the Quinquatrus was a holiday in homes and schools.

Fakta utama

Budaya / Culture: Tradisi Romawi kuno
Kawasan / Region: Eropa
Negara / Country: Italy
Klasifikasi / Classification: Deity
Kemampuan / Abilities: Kebijaksanaan dan penguasaan kerajinan, Menenun ulung, Menyamar sebagai perempuan tua, Mengubah Arachne menjadi laba-laba, Pemberi kemenangan dan pelindung perang, Pelindung keselamatan kota melalui arca

Nama lain / Alternate names

Menerva, Capta

Tahukah kamu? / Did you know?

Pada pesta Quinquatrus, murid yang kembali ke sekolah membawa bayaran bernama minerval kepada guru mereka.

At the Quinquatrus festival, pupils returning to school brought their teachers a fee called the minerval.